European peacock
Aglais io
The European peacock (Aglais io) is one of the most recognizable and common day-flying butterflies in Europe, belonging to the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae). Its wingspan typically measures 50–55 mm. The upper side of the wings features a rich, rusty-red background adorned with four large, colorful eyespots resembling peacock feathers. These markings serve to startle predators, and when threatened, the butterfly can also produce a hissing sound. The underside is dark brown, providing effective camouflage among tree bark and dry leaves. This species inhabits a wide range of environments, from meadows and forest edges to gardens and urban parks. Adult butterflies feed on flower nectar and juices from overripe fruit, while the black, spiny caterpillars feed gregariously primarily on stinging nettles. The European peacock overwinters as an adult in cellars, attics, or tree hollows, emerging with the first warm days of early spring.